Which Of The Following Is The Foundation Of Community Policing

Support For Community Policing

One major shift in the orientation of policing in Canada has been the shift from traditional to community policing. By the 1990’s, virtually every police force in Canada had incorporated the term ‘community policing’ in their written mandates . This is not to say that every police department in Canada has necessarily adopted the entire philosophy behind community policing. This philosophy of policing entails an expanded role of the police within the community, and significant internal organizational change. There is considerable variation in practices across Canada . The variations are not only a question of whether a few new programs were adopted but also one of confusion concerning the application and implementation of the concept of community policing . In short, most departments understand what community policing is but there is little agreement as to how it should be executed .

In order to adopt a community policing approach, a police department must create its own community policing style, which reflects the needs of the citizens in the communities that it serves. Normandeau & Leighton have identified the following characteristics as essential for the success of any community policing effort:

• The mission of police officers as peace officers
• Community consultation
• A reduction of the fear of victimization
• Development of police officers as generalists
• Development of flatter organizational structures and accountability to the community.

The Tactical Dimension: Crime Prevention Programs And Problem

The tactical dimension in the implementation of community policing is the establishment “on the ground” of crime prevention programs and problem-oriented policing. We asked respondents about the degree of involvement of their agency in crime prevention, and coded the answers into three categories. Every police service and detachment in our sample has one or more crime prevention programs that are delivered on a relatively consistent basis. Officers in 28% of the agencies said that their agency delivers a lot of crime prevention programs 34% of agencies deliver some programs, and 38% of agencies have a little involvement in delivering crime prevention programs.

Figure IV.24 shows the regional distribution of involvement. This mirrors the regional distribution of levels of youth crime , with high levels in the Prairies and Territories and lower levels elsewhere.

Does the level of involvement in crime prevention programs have an effect on police decision-making with young offenders? The data suggest that this involvement is related to the use of informal action, but that there are no systematic relationships between the level of involvement in crime prevention and the use of pre- and post-charge alternative measures or the methods used to compel attendance at court.

David A Wunnenberg Community Policing Foundation

The David A. Wunnenberg Community Policing Foundation has been helping our Police Department since 2006. Along with the needs we’ve met, the following are additional needs we hope to tackle with your help:

• Training and equipment for the Tactical Response Unit – a highly specialized team of regional officers. Established in 2008, this unit requires its members to maintain peak physical fitness to respond to high-risk incidents. The unit has been instrumental in search/arrest warrants, barricaded subjects with a weapon, and hostage situations.
• The Law Enforcement Career Scholarship Fund, which helps Des Moines County high school graduates enroll in the Southeastern Community College criminal justice program. While providing annual grants, we are slowly building principal sufficient to create a self-supporting endowment, The K-9 Unit was established, supported, and may be re-instituted.
• Law Enforcement Explorers. Several current officers are “alumni” of this advanced Scouting program, which introduces high school students to various aspects of the profession. These young people support many activities with their own membership dues, but the equipment and materials they need are costly beyond their means.
• Closer connections between the department’s officers and the citizens they serve. These efforts take many forms, for example interaction with youth, development of safer neighborhoods, and citizen education programs.
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Constitutional Policing Vs Community Policing

Constitutional policing and how that matches up with policing in the community is debatable. We look at policing methodologies and how they are intertwined.

• Definition of the terms constitutional policing and community policing.
• Recognizing where the two strategies intersect.
• Ways to support constitutional policing while building community relations.

Trust is a foundational part of police-community relations. But recently, there has been an increasing lack of trust between police and the public.

As law enforcement leaders have discussed how to repair this trust, many have focused on constitutional policing and community policing.

Effective law enforcement agencies combine constitutional and community policing methodologies. The two go hand in hand, but theyre not the same thing.

Constitutional policing provides the foundation for ethical, lawful practices that seek to protect civilians civil rights. Community policing builds on that framework and applies it to the needs and concerns of a particular community.

Together, constitutional and community policing practices build trust between police officers and the people they serve. This makes law enforcement easier, as people are more willing to help and cooperate with police.

To understand how constitutional policing and community policing apply to your department, we first must further examine what each one is.

The Strategic Dimension: Policies Protocols And Allocation Of Resources

The strategic dimension denotes incorporation of the ideals of community policing into policies and protocols, as well as – crucially – the allocation of adequate resources. There are several aspects that can be examined to assess the degree to which a police agency has adopted the strategic component of community policing. Figure IV.20 shows the percentage of police agencies that provided us with documentation concerning these various aspects.

The data suggest that less than one-quarter of the police agencies in our sample have implemented the strategic component of community policing. The fact that more than one-third of the agencies fell under the category of multiple answers suggests two things to us. First, the philosophical dimension has not been clearly articulated within all ranks to ensure that officers have a clear idea of the mandates and goals with respect to the implementation of community policing. Second, the assignment of dedicated community service officers in some police services increases the likelihood of conflicting views among members of the police agency, since other officers do not see themselves as engaged in community policing per se.

Table IV.3 Proportion of apprehended young persons charged, 1998-2000, by thelevel of support for community policing and region

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Related To Foundation Of Community Policing

About Notes From The Field

NIJ has launched the Notes from the Field series to allow leading voices in the field to share their strategies for responding to the most pressing issues on Americas streets today. Learn more.

Weve witnessed the devastating impacts to individuals and communities that come out of terrorist and targeted attacks. For victims, their families, and first responders, the suffering can last a lifetime, maybe even impacting generations to come.

Threats of terrorism come from a variety of sources organized groups outside the country, those inside the country, and the lone attacker. Regardless of the source, community policing is critical to identifying those who are planning to carry out acts of violence, preparing communities to respond, aiding public safety officials in the response, and when acts cannot be prevented, helping communities heal and recover.

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In High Conflict Zones

D. Scott Mann, retired U.S. Special Forces Lieutenant Colonel, says that his troops made substantial progress against insurgents in places like Afghanistan and Columbia by embedding themselves in local, remote communities and working hard to actually protect the locals from insurgents. Mann says they were not resisted when they initially arrive, but they were also not initially welcomed. After locals saw Mann’s special forces working to understand their concerns and bleeding with them during attacks by insurgents, the locals begin to trust Mann’s special forces and provide information about the insurgents that helped reduce the level of violence and make law enforcement easier, he says.

Answering The Call For Community Policing

Across the board from municipal, state and national legislators to law enforcement and community leaders Community Policing is seen as an integral component for creating and fostering enhanced relationships between police departments and the constituents they serve. The International Association of Chiefs of Police recently shared that, Community members are not merely the recipients of police services they are essential partners in maintaining public safety.

Its that very partnership thats serving as the foundation for agencies and communities across the US to work cooperatively in developing or enhancing their individualized community policing programs. These initiatives have never been more important or challenging than they are today.

What exactly does community policing mean?U.S. Department of Justice, Community Oriented Policing Services , defines community policing as a philosophy that promotes organizational strategies that support the systematic use of partnerships and problem-solving techniques to proactively address the immediate conditions that give rise to public safety issues such as crime, social disorder, and fear of crime.

A good example of that would be the Benchmark Analytics Training Management System, which can help agencies deliver up-to-date training for every officer, in compliance with accreditation standards or guidelines established by the municipality or state.

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Community Policing Innovations Initiative Advisory Committee

• Chair: Barbara McQuade, Professor, University of Michigan Law School
• Jerry Clayton, Sheriff, Washtenaw County
• Saul Green, Senior Counsel, Miller Canfield
• Alia Harvey-Quinn, Director, Force Detroit
• Hon. Judith Levy, U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan
• David Molloy, Deputy Director, Michigan High Intensity Drug Trafficking Areas
• Steve Spreitzer, President & CEO, Michigan Roundtable for Diversity andInclusion
• Tim Wiley, Former Chief, New Baltimore Police Department
• Melanca Clark, President & CEO, Hudson-Webber Foundation
• Ric DeVore, President & CEO, Community Foundation for SoutheastMichigan

A Whole Community Approach

A whole community approach is necessary to prepare for acts of terrorism and targeted violence. Law enforcement must engage public and mental health officials, educators, fire departments, EMS, emergency managers, faith leaders, businesses, not-for-profit organizations, and community organizations in prevention, response, and recovery planning. Each and every member of the community has an important role in identifying persons in need of support and service and the resources that can be provided in response to a crisis event.

Planning efforts must identify community resources and engage them in exercises and drills, so that during a crisis, they are readily available and have a clear understanding of their roles and responsibilities in response to an act of terrorism or other critical incident. The time to build and strengthen relationships is before a crisis during an event it is too late.

The value of community planning and preparedness has been demonstrated in many of the critical incident reviews conducted by CMVRS. In San Bernardino, Orlando, Kalamazoo, Broward County, and Charlotte, the collaboration and coordination among law enforcement, fire, EMS, hospitals, government officials, and community organizations saved lives and continues to play an integral role in the recovery from these horrific events.

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The Cincinnati Team Policing Experiment

Experimentation with team policing was recommended in the Presidentâs Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice in 1967. Neighborhood team policing was seen by many as a promising way to address problems of over-centralization and bureaucratization of police agencies and of an increasing sense of alienation of citizens and police. The experiment focused attention on the need for police to become closer to the community and on some of the barriers that must be overcome to achieve this goal.

What Is Community Policing

As law enforcement leaders have discussed police accountability and criminal justice reform, many have advocated a return to community policing.

The Presidents Task Force on 21st Century Policing upholds community policing as one of its pillars of effective law enforcement.

The report defines community policing as work with community residents to identify problems and collaborate on implementing solutions that produce meaningful results for the community.

Advocates of community policing recognize that policing methods and practices wont look the same in every city. Police need to be aware of the makeup of the communities they are policing.

Communities include diverse groups racial minorities, the LGBTQ community, the mentally disabled, immigrants, and more. Community policing prompts police to know and consider the needs of every group.

Community-oriented policing takes a proactive approach to public safety. Departments may ask community members to voice their concerns and speak to policy.

They may even invite representatives from diverse groups in their city to conduct seminars during officer training.

Perhaps most importantly, a community-policing philosophy emphasizes police relationships within the community.

Rather than just sending officers into an area to respond to calls, many departments are requiring officers to patrol on foot. They encourage officers to get out of their squad cars and regularly interact with civilians.

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The Organizational Dimension: Organizational Redesign

Finally, the organizational dimension involves a restructuring of the organization to implement community policing. This in turn requires a philosophical reorientation which is easier to state than to describe. Many organizations have flattened their rank hierarchy, implemented new promotion evaluation criteria, and dedicated officers to focus solely on community policing issues. In our discussions with police officers we came to realize that the organizational dimension of community policing is much more complex than the others, and perhaps the most problematic to implement. Organizational redesign requires that management consult with all ranks in order to implement community policing in a manner which best suits the particular community. In several cases, police agencies had implemented most of the components of the philosophical, tactical, and strategic dimensions but had not revamped the organization or its underlying philosophy to deliver community policing effectively. Organizational redesign presupposes a genuine commitment to community policing on the part of the senior management team, which is then translated into a wide range of organizational innovations. We judged that to measure the extent to which this had happened in our sample of police services was beyond the capabilities of our chosen methodology.

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What Is Constitutional Policing

Simply put, constitutional policing is policing that follows the U.S. Constitution and upholds peoples civil rights. Constitutional policing ensures that law enforcement officers treat everyone fairly and impartially.

Constitutional policing operates within the boundaries set by the Constitution, court decisions, laws, and regulations. But correct constitutional policing is more than just policies that hold up in court.

A report on constitutional policing by the Police Executive Research Forum points out the difference.

It says police departments should continually examine practices to make sure they advance the broad constitutional goal of protecting everyones civil liberties and providing equal protection under the law.

A foundation of constitutional policing should inform everything police do. However, there are certain areas where law enforcement leaders should be especially careful to promote constitutional policing.

These include police use-of-force, stop and frisks, issues of racial bias, and interactions with people with mental illness.

In every interaction, police must walk the line of enforcing the law to keep people and communities safe, while also respecting the rights of every individual they interact with.

The vision of policing in the 21st century should be that of officers as guardians of human and constitutional rights, says the Presidents Task Force.

The Intersection Of Constitutional And Community Policing

Effective law enforcement embraces both constitutional and community policing. The two methodologies can work independently of one another, but they are stronger when combined.

Constitutional policing lays the groundwork for community policing.

Civilians arent likely to be willing to interact with the police on a daily basis if they dont trust the police to respect their civil rights. Community policing wont do much good without constitutional practices in place.

However, without boots on the ground in community policing, constitutional policing can easily remain just an abstract concept. Community policing allows officers to put constitutional policing into practice.

The PERF report explains that establishing effective constitutional policing practices hinges on developing healthy relationships with the community.

According to the report, the Constitution should ultimately be the foundation for all police work. Finding ways to maintain constitutional policing will help build community trust. From there, officers can engage the community in more meaningful ways, both improving their reputation and getting help when needed.

Encouraging constitutional and community policing practices in your department

The PERF report highlights a few key ways to support constitutional policing while building community relations:

The Police Executive Research Forum isnt the only group embracing the relationship between community and constitutional policing.

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